Liver Resection

What this procedure is

A liver resection, also known as a hepatectomy, is a surgery to remove a portion of the liver. The liver is a vital organ located in the upper right side of your abdomen. It performs many important jobs, such as cleaning your blood and helping you digest food.

The liver is unique because it has the ability to grow back, or "regenerate." After a surgeon removes the affected part, the remaining healthy liver tissue can often grow to nearly its original size within a few weeks or months. This helps the organ continue to function properly after the surgery.

Your clinician may perform this procedure using traditional open surgery or a minimally invasive approach. Minimally invasive surgery uses smaller incisions (cuts), a tiny camera, and specialized tools to help you recover more quickly.

What it treats or fixes

The main goal of a liver resection is to remove diseased tissue while keeping as much healthy liver as possible. This procedure is commonly used to treat:

• Primary liver cancer: Cancer that starts in the liver cells.
• Metastatic liver cancer: Cancer that started in another part of the body, such as the colon or rectum, and spread to the liver.
• Bile duct cancer: Also called cholangiocarcinoma, this is cancer that forms in the tubes that carry digestive fluid.
• Benign growths: Non-cancerous tumors or cysts that may cause pain or interfere with your health.

This surgery is also a key part of living donor liver transplants. In this case, a healthy person chooses to have a portion of their liver removed so it can be transplanted into someone whose liver is no longer working.

How common it is & where it's done

Liver resection is a standard treatment for many types of liver conditions. Because of improvements in surgical tools and imaging, these procedures are more common and safer today than they were in the past.

This type of surgery is typically performed at specialized medical centers or large hospitals. These facilities have dedicated "hepatobiliary" teams. This is a medical term for experts who specialize in the liver, bile ducts, and pancreas.

Your clinician may recommend a center that uses a multidisciplinary team. This means surgeons, cancer specialists, and imaging doctors work together to create a personalized plan for your care.

Recovery: What to Expect

After a liver resection (surgery to remove a portion of the liver), you will likely stay in the hospital for several days. Your care team will help you manage any discomfort with medication. One of the most remarkable features of the liver is its ability to grow back. In many cases, the remaining part of the liver can return to its normal size within just a few weeks.

Your clinician may encourage you to start walking shortly after surgery to help your body heal and prevent blood clots. You will receive specific instructions on how to care for your incision and when you can return to your normal activities. Regular follow-up appointments will be scheduled to monitor your progress through blood tests and imaging.

Risks & Possible Complications

While liver surgery is a standard procedure, it is still a major operation. Potential risks include bleeding, infection, or a bile leak (when digestive fluid from the liver escapes). Your surgical team takes many steps to prevent these issues, such as using advanced imaging and precise surgical tools to protect healthy tissue.

It is important to watch for signs that you may need extra care during your recovery. Your clinician may ask you to call the office if you experience:

• A fever or chills.
• Increased redness, swelling, or fluid leaking from your incision.
• New or worsening pain that is not helped by your prescribed medication.
• Yellowing of the skin or eyes, which is called jaundice.

Outcomes & Long-Term Results

The long-term outlook for liver resection is often very positive. The goal of the procedure is to remove the affected area while leaving enough healthy liver to perform vital functions. For many people, this surgery is an effective way to treat tumors or other liver conditions while preserving the organ's health.

Your long-term results depend on the reason for your surgery and your overall health. Your clinician may monitor you for several years with regular scans to ensure your liver remains healthy and functioning well. Advances in surgical techniques, including minimally invasive options, have made these procedures safer and more effective than in the past.

Emotional Support & Reassurance

It is completely normal to feel nervous about having liver surgery. Remember that you are supported by a team of specialists who are dedicated to your safety and recovery. Many patients find comfort in talking with a counselor or joining a support group to share their experiences with others who have had similar procedures.

Focusing on your recovery one step at a time can help reduce stress. Your care team is there to answer your questions and provide the resources you need to feel confident throughout your journey. With modern medical advances, liver resection is a well-established procedure designed to help you return to your daily life.

Why doctors recommend it

A liver resection is a surgery to remove a piece of the liver. Your clinician may recommend this if you have a growth or tumor that needs to be taken out. This is often done for primary liver cancer or for cancer that has spread to the liver from the colon or rectum (called colorectal liver metastases).

This surgery is also used for bile duct cancer or for non-cancerous growths that cause pain or other health issues. In some cases, a healthy person may choose to have a liver resection to donate a portion of their liver to someone else who needs a transplant. This is possible because the liver is the only organ that can grow back to its original size after part of it is removed.

Urgent vs planned treatment

Liver resection is almost always a planned procedure rather than an emergency. Before the surgery, your care team will use detailed imaging tests, such as CT or MRI scans, to look at the liver’s blood vessels and ensure there is enough healthy tissue remaining to support your body.

Your clinician may suggest a specific timeline based on how the disease is behaving. For example, they might recommend chemotherapy first to shrink a tumor before scheduling the surgery. This careful planning helps the surgical team decide if a resection is the safest and most effective choice compared to other options like a transplant or radiation.

Goals of treatment

The primary goal of this surgery is to remove the diseased or damaged part of the liver while leaving behind enough healthy tissue to function. For many patients, the goal is to achieve long-term control of a disease or to remove a tumor entirely.

Other goals of treatment include:

• Improving quality of life: Removing a growth can help reduce symptoms like pain or discomfort.
• Preventing spread: Taking out a tumor early may help stop it from moving to other parts of the body.
• Helping others: In living donor cases, the goal is to provide a life-saving organ for a person with liver failure.

Ultimately, the goal is to allow the remaining liver to regrow and take over the work of the whole organ, helping you return to your normal activities.

Who may benefit

Liver resection is a surgery to remove a diseased or damaged part of the liver. Your clinician may recommend this if you have certain types of liver tumors. This includes primary liver cancer, which starts in the liver cells, or bile duct cancer, which is also called cholangiocarcinoma.

This surgery is also a common option for colorectal liver metastases. This happens when cancer starts in the colon or rectum and then spreads to the liver. Removing these specific tumors can often help people manage the disease and improve their long-term health.

In some cases, a healthy person may have this surgery as a living donor. This involves removing a portion of their healthy liver to be transplanted into someone else whose liver is failing. The liver is unique because it can grow back to its original size over time.

When it may not be the right option

Surgery may not be the best path if the cancer has spread to several other organs or distant parts of the body. If the disease is widespread, your care team might suggest treatments that treat the whole body rather than focusing only on the liver.

The health of the remaining liver is a major factor. If you have advanced cirrhosis, which is severe scarring of the liver, the part of the liver left behind might not be able to do its job. Your clinician will use tests to make sure the remaining liver is large and healthy enough to keep you safe after the surgery.

General health also plays a role. If a patient has other serious medical conditions, such as advanced heart or lung disease, the risks of a major surgery might be too high. In these cases, your clinician may suggest less invasive treatments like ablation, which uses heat or cold to destroy tumors.

Questions to ask your care team

It is helpful to bring a list of questions to your appointment to help you understand your options. You may want to ask:

• Why is liver resection recommended for my specific condition?
• How much of my liver will be removed during the procedure?
• What are the risks of this surgery compared to other treatments like a transplant?
• How long will I need to stay in the hospital after the operation?
• Will I need other treatments, like chemotherapy, before or after the surgery?
• What does the recovery process look like once I go home?

In the procedure room

When you arrive in the operating room, the surgical team will help you get settled on a padded table. The room is kept very clean and may feel cool. The team will place small, sticky sensors on your chest to monitor your heart and a clip on your finger to check your oxygen levels. You will also have an intravenous (IV) line placed in your arm to provide fluids and medicine.

High-level steps

The surgeon will make an incision to reach the liver. Depending on your specific needs, this may be one larger opening or several small ones if a minimally invasive approach is used. The surgeon then carefully removes the portion of the liver that is diseased or damaged.

A unique feature of the liver is its ability to grow back, or regenerate. After the surgeon removes the necessary portion, the remaining healthy liver tissue will eventually enlarge to take over the work of the entire organ. The surgeon will then close the incision with stitches or staples.

Anesthesia and pain control

You will be given general anesthesia, which is medicine that puts you into a deep sleep so you do not feel anything during the surgery. An anesthesiologist will stay with you the entire time to manage your comfort and safety.

To help with pain after you wake up, your clinician may also use additional methods, such as:

• Nerve blocks: Numbing medicine injected near the surgical site.
• Epidural: A tiny tube placed in your back to deliver pain relief.
• IV pain medicine: Medication delivered directly into your bloodstream.

Monitoring and safety steps

Your care team monitors your vital signs every minute of the procedure. They use specialized equipment to track your blood pressure, heart rhythm, and breathing. The surgeon also carefully manages blood flow to the liver to keep the procedure as safe as possible.

In some cases, the surgeon may place a small, flexible tube called a drain near the liver. This helps prevent fluid from building up in the abdomen as you begin to heal. If there is a concern about swelling, your clinician may use temporary surgical packing to protect the area.

Immediately after the procedure

You will wake up in a recovery room where nurses will check on you frequently. You might feel groggy, have a dry mouth, or notice some soreness or pressure at the incision site. These feelings are normal and expected.

You may also notice several tubes, such as:

• An IV for fluids and medicine.
• A catheter to drain urine from your bladder.
• A temporary breathing tube that is usually removed shortly after you wake up.

Typical procedure length

A liver resection typically takes between 2 and 5 hours. The exact time depends on how much of the liver is being removed and your specific health history. Your surgical team will provide your family or loved ones with updates during the process.

Common approaches (open vs minimally invasive)

Your surgical team will recommend an approach based on the size of the tumor, where it is located, and your overall health. The goal is always to remove the affected tissue safely while preserving as much healthy liver as possible.

• Open surgery: The surgeon makes a single, large incision (cut) in the abdomen. This allows the doctor to see and touch the liver directly. This approach is often needed for large tumors, complex cases, or when the tumor is near major blood vessels.
• Minimally invasive surgery: This includes laparoscopic and robotic surgery. The surgeon makes several small incisions and inserts a camera and special tools to perform the operation. This method may result in less pain and a shorter recovery time, but it is not an option for every patient.

Partial vs total

Liver surgery varies depending on how much of the organ needs to be addressed. Because the liver has the unique ability to grow back (regenerate), doctors often try to save healthy tissue.

• Partial resection (Hepatectomy): This is the removal of only the part of the liver containing the tumor. This can range from a small wedge to an entire lobe (section) of the liver. The remaining healthy liver takes over the work and grows back to a normal size over time.
• Total removal (Transplant): In some cases, the liver is too damaged or the cancer is too widespread to be treated with partial removal. In these situations, the entire liver may be removed and replaced with a healthy liver from a donor. This is a major procedure with specific eligibility requirements.

Revision or repeat procedures

Sometimes, treating liver disease requires more than one step. Your care team may suggest a staged approach to ensure the liver stays strong enough to function throughout the process.

• Two-stage resection: If tumors are found on both sides of the liver, surgeons may remove tumors from one side first. After the liver has had time to heal and regenerate, a second surgery is performed to clear the remaining side.
• Repeat surgery: If cancer returns after the first operation, a second resection might be considered. This depends on whether there is enough healthy liver left and if the patient is fit for another surgery.

Tests and imaging that may be done

Before a liver resection, your care team needs a detailed map of your liver anatomy. They also need to check your overall health to ensure you are ready for surgery and anesthesia. You will likely undergo a physical exam and a review of your medical history.

Common tests often include:

• Blood tests: These check your liver function, kidney function, and how well your blood clots.
• Imaging scans: A CT scan or MRI is used to see the size and location of the tumor. These scans also help the surgeon see the blood vessels connected to the liver.
• Heart and lung tests: An electrocardiogram (EKG) or chest X-ray may be done to check your heart and lung health.

Medication adjustments

Some medications and supplements can increase the risk of bleeding or interact with anesthesia. Your care team will review your current list of medicines and tell you which ones to pause and which ones to keep taking.

Only stop medicines if your clinician instructs you. Common adjustments may include:

• Blood thinners: You may be asked to stop taking aspirin, warfarin, or other blood thinners several days before surgery.
• Diabetes medications: Because you will not be eating before surgery, your insulin or pill dosage may need to be changed for that day.
• Supplements: Certain vitamins and herbal supplements can affect bleeding, so you may need to stop them a week or two in advance.

Day-before and day-of instructions

Preparing your body for surgery helps lower the risk of infection and complications. Your clinic will give you specific rules to follow, but general steps often include:

• Fasting: You will usually be told not to eat or drink anything after midnight the night before surgery. This keeps your stomach empty for anesthesia.
• Showering: You may need to shower with a special antibacterial soap the night before or the morning of surgery to remove germs from your skin.
• What to bring: Pack a list of your medications, your insurance card, and comfortable, loose-fitting clothing for your recovery. Leave jewelry and valuables at home.

General surgical risks

As with any major operation, liver resection carries certain general risks. Your surgical team takes many precautions to prevent these issues and will monitor you closely during your recovery.

• Bleeding: Excessive bleeding can happen during or after the procedure. If this occurs, your care team may use a blood transfusion to replace the lost blood.
• Infection: An infection may develop at the site of the incision or deeper inside the abdomen.
• Blood clots: Clots can form in the legs due to limited movement during and after surgery. Your team will encourage you to walk as soon as possible to help prevent this.
• Pneumonia: Lung infections can occur if it is difficult to take deep breaths while recovering.

Procedure-specific complications

Because this surgery involves cutting liver tissue and working near the bile ducts, there are specific complications associated with the liver itself.

• Bile leakage: The liver produces a fluid called bile that helps with digestion. Sometimes, bile may leak from the cut surface of the liver or from the reconnected ducts. This is one of the most common specific complications.
• Liver insufficiency: This occurs if the remaining portion of the liver struggles to perform its normal functions immediately after surgery. This is less common if your liver was healthy before the operation.
• Injury to nearby organs: In rare cases, nearby structures such as the intestines or large blood vessels may be affected during the surgery.

How complications are treated

Most complications can be managed effectively without the need for another operation. Your care team has specific treatments to help your body heal.

• Drains and tubes: If a bile leak occurs, it often heals on its own. A small tube (drain) may be placed to remove the fluid while the area heals.
• Medication: Antibiotics are typically prescribed to treat or prevent infections.
• Monitoring and support: If the liver is temporarily working slowly, your medical team will support you with fluids, nutrition, and close monitoring through blood tests until the liver recovers and regenerates.

Pain control medicines

Your clinician may use a variety of medicines to help you stay comfortable after your liver resection. This approach, often called multimodal pain management, helps you recover faster by allowing you to move and breathe deeply. Common options include acetaminophen and, if needed, stronger medicines known as opioids.

In some cases, your care team may use a nerve block or an epidural (a tiny tube in the back) to deliver numbing medicine directly to the surgical area. Your clinician will tailor this plan based on your health history. It is important to share any history of allergies or past reactions to pain medications with your team to avoid potential interactions.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent or treat infections caused by bacteria. To lower the risk of an infection at the site of your surgery, your clinician may give you antibiotics through an IV (a small tube in your vein) shortly before the procedure starts. You may continue to receive these for a short time after the surgery is finished.

Be sure to tell your healthcare team if you have any known drug allergies, especially to common antibiotics like penicillin. This helps them choose the safest medicine for your specific needs.

Blood thinners and clot prevention

After surgery, you may be less active than usual, which can increase the risk of blood clots in the legs. To help keep your blood flowing safely, your clinician may prescribe blood thinners, also called anticoagulants. These are typically given as a small injection under the skin or as a pill.

In addition to medicine, your team may use other methods to prevent clots, such as:

• Compression sleeves: Inflatable wraps for your legs that gently squeeze to improve circulation.
• Early movement: Encouraging you to sit up or walk shortly after surgery.

Your clinician will monitor you closely to balance the need for clot prevention with the need for proper healing. Always inform your team if you have a history of bleeding disorders or if you take other blood-thinning medications at home, as these can affect your care plan.

Emergency warning signs

While recovering from liver resection, most patients heal without major issues. However, certain symptoms require immediate attention to ensure your safety. You or a caregiver should call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room if you experience signs of a life-threatening complication.

Seek emergency care immediately if you have:

• Sudden, severe trouble breathing or shortness of breath.
• Chest pain or pressure.
• Heavy bleeding from your incision that soaks through your bandage.
• Sudden confusion or difficulty waking up.

Call your surgeon or clinic if…

Some symptoms may not be emergencies but still require a call to your healthcare team to prevent complications like infection or bile leaks. Your discharge instructions will usually provide a specific phone number to use during recovery.

Contact your care team if you notice:

• Fever or chills: A temperature higher than 100.5°F (38°C) or shaking chills.
• Incision changes: Increased redness, swelling, or warmth around the surgery site.
• Drainage issues: New or worsening drainage from the incision, especially if it is green, yellow, brown, foul-smelling, or looks like pus.
• Pain issues: Pain that gets worse or is not helped by your prescribed pain medicine.
• Digestive problems: Nausea or vomiting that stops you from keeping fluids down, or if you have not had a bowel movement for three days despite using stool softeners.
• Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin or the whites of the eyes.

Expected vs concerning symptoms

It can be hard to tell the difference between normal recovery and a problem. Here is a guide to help you decide when to reach out.

Pain and Comfort

Expected: It is normal to feel soreness and some pain around your incision and abdomen. This should gradually improve and be manageable with pain medication and rest.

Concerning: Pain that is sharp, sudden, or severe enough that medication does not help is a warning sign. Pain accompanied by a fever or a hard, swollen belly should be checked by a clinician.

Incision Healing

Expected: The area around your cut may look slightly pink or feel itchy as it heals. You might see a very small amount of clear or slightly bloody fluid.

Concerning: If the skin becomes hot to the touch, bright red, or starts pulling apart, let your team know. Thick, cloudy, or bad-smelling fluid often signals an infection.

Energy and Digestion

Expected: You will likely feel tired and have a lower appetite for several weeks. Bowel movements may be irregular at first.

Concerning: Extreme weakness, constant vomiting, or severe constipation that does not improve with home care may indicate a blockage or other issue requiring medical help.

Non-surgical treatments

Your clinician may suggest treatments that do not involve a traditional operation. These options are often used when a growth is small or if a person is not healthy enough for major surgery. One common method is ablation, which uses heat, cold, or alcohol to destroy abnormal cells directly. Another option is embolization, where a clinician injects substances to block the blood flow to a tumor, essentially starving it of the nutrients it needs to grow.

In some cases, your care team may recommend a liver transplant. This is a procedure where the entire diseased liver is removed and replaced with a healthy liver from a donor. This might be an option if the liver is too damaged for a simple resection or if the disease affects the whole organ. Other non-surgical tools include targeted radiation or chemotherapy, which can help shrink growths or keep them from spreading.

Watchful waiting

Not every growth in the liver requires immediate treatment. If a growth is benign (non-cancerous) and is not causing any pain or health problems, your clinician may suggest "watchful waiting." This means you will have regular check-ups and imaging tests, such as CT scans or MRIs, to see if the area changes over time.

This approach is often used when the risks of surgery might be higher than the benefits of removing a stable, harmless growth. If the imaging shows that the area is staying the same size and not affecting your health, you may continue with regular monitoring rather than undergoing a procedure.

When surgery becomes the best option

Your clinician may decide that surgery is the best path forward if non-surgical treatments are not working or if a tumor begins to grow. A liver resection (removing the diseased part of the liver) is often the most direct way to try to remove a tumor completely. This is usually recommended when the disease is confined to one area and the rest of the liver is healthy enough to function on its own after the operation.

Surgery may also become necessary if a growth starts to cause symptoms, such as pain or a blockage in the bile ducts. Modern advances, such as minimally invasive surgery, allow many patients to have these procedures with smaller incisions and shorter recovery times. Your care team will look at the size, location, and type of growth to determine if surgery offers the best chance for a long-term recovery.

Hospital services that commonly perform this surgery

Liver resection is a specialized procedure often performed in Hepatobiliary Surgery departments. This medical term refers to surgery involving the liver, bile ducts, and pancreas. Because these organs are complex, your clinician may recommend a hospital that uses a multidisciplinary team. This is a group of different specialists, such as surgeons, radiologists (imaging experts), and pathologists (doctors who study tissue), who work together to plan your care.

In many cases, these services are found at large medical centers or Surgical Oncology departments, which focus specifically on treating cancer through surgery. Some hospitals also perform resections within their transplant centers, as these facilities have advanced equipment and staff trained to handle complex liver conditions.

Patient resources and support services

Major hospitals often provide resources to help you and your family navigate the surgical process. You may work with a social worker, who can assist with finding local lodging if you are traveling for care, or help arrange support for your daily needs during recovery. Financial coordinators are also commonly available to help you understand insurance coverage and manage the costs of the procedure.

Other helpful services may include:

• Nutrition services: Dietitians who help you plan meals that support liver health and healing.
• Support groups: Programs where you can connect with other patients who have undergone similar liver procedures.
• Educational materials: Guides and videos provided by the hospital to help you prepare for the day of surgery.

Questions for choosing where to have surgery

Choosing the right facility is an important step in your treatment journey. You may want to ask your clinician or the hospital staff specific questions to feel more confident in your choice. A hospital with a high volume of liver surgeries often has more experience managing the recovery process.

Consider using this checklist when speaking with a surgical center:

• How many liver resections does this surgical team perform each year?
• Does the hospital have a dedicated intensive care unit (ICU) for recovery after major surgery?
• Will a multidisciplinary team review my specific case before the procedure?
• What kind of support is available if I have questions after I go home?
• Does the facility offer minimally invasive options, such as robotic or laparoscopic surgery, if they are right for my situation?

Conditions commonly treated by this procedure

A liver resection is a surgery to remove a portion of the liver. This procedure may be used to treat several different health issues. One of the most common reasons a clinician may recommend this surgery is to remove liver cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma. It can also be used for bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma), which starts in the tubes that carry digestive fluid through the liver.

Sometimes, cancer starts in another part of the body, like the colon or rectum, and then spreads to the liver. These are called colorectal liver metastases. In certain cases, a surgeon may perform a resection to remove these growths. The procedure is also used for non-cancerous (benign) conditions, such as large liver cysts or non-cancerous tumors that cause pain or other problems.

In addition to treating illness, liver resection is performed on living donors. In this case, a healthy person has a piece of their liver removed so it can be transplanted into someone else whose liver is failing. Because the liver has a unique ability to grow back, both the donor and the recipient can eventually have a functional liver.

Related symptoms people search for

Many people who require a liver resection may not have symptoms early on. However, as certain conditions progress, they can cause physical changes. It is important to remember that these symptoms can be caused by many different health issues. Your clinician can help determine the cause of any changes you notice.

Common symptoms that may be associated with liver conditions include:

• Jaundice: This is a yellowing of the skin or the whites of the eyes. It happens when the liver cannot properly process a substance called bilirubin.
• Abdominal pain: You might feel discomfort or a dull ache in the upper right side of your belly, where the liver is located.
• Unexplained weight loss: Losing weight without trying can sometimes be a sign of an underlying liver issue.
• Fatigue: Feeling very tired or weak, even after resting, is a common concern.
• Loss of appetite: You may feel full quickly or lose interest in eating.

If you experience any of these symptoms, your clinician may use imaging tests or blood work to evaluate your liver health. Early evaluation is often helpful for planning the best care for your specific needs.

Evidence overview

Liver resection, also known as a partial hepatectomy, is a well-established procedure used to treat various liver conditions. It is frequently considered a standard treatment option for primary liver cancer and for cancer that has spread to the liver from other parts of the body, such as the colon (colorectal liver metastases). Medical evidence supports surgery as a primary method to remove tumors when the liver is healthy enough to function afterward.

Research highlights the liver’s unique ability to regenerate. When a portion of the liver is removed, the remaining healthy tissue can grow back to restore normal function. Studies indicate that for eligible patients, removing the affected portion of the liver can significantly improve long-term survival rates compared to other treatments.

Advances in surgical techniques have also expanded the evidence base for safety. In addition to traditional open surgery, surgeons now frequently use minimally invasive approaches, such as laparoscopic or robotic surgery. These methods are associated with smaller incisions, less pain, and faster recovery times for many patients.

Safety notes and individualized care

While liver resection is a common procedure in specialized centers, it is major surgery. Your care team will conduct a thorough evaluation to ensure it is safe for you. This assessment typically includes checking your heart and lung health, as well as measuring how well your liver is working. A key safety step is ensuring the "future liver remnant"—the part of the liver left behind—is large enough to support your body.

If the remaining liver portion is predicted to be too small, your clinicians may recommend preparatory procedures. For example, doctors can block blood flow to the part of the liver containing the tumor (a process called embolization) to encourage the healthy part of the liver to grow before the main surgery takes place.

Potential risks associated with liver surgery include bleeding, infection, and bile leakage. However, mortality rates and complications have decreased significantly at high-volume medical centers. Your surgical team will tailor the plan to your specific anatomy and overall health to minimize these risks.

Sources used

• Mayo Clinic. Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery.
• Mayo Clinic. Liver transplantation for patients with colorectal liver metastases.
• Mayo Clinic. Advances in surgery for cholangiocarcinoma: Overcoming risks and expanding treatment options.
• Mayo Clinic. Liver cancer: Diagnosis and treatment.